The results from the Early English Books Online (EBBO) Database for the middle of the 17th century (1650-1660) returned a greater variety in the forms of cheap used. In this century, the use of the noun form cheap decreased significantly in comparison to the 16th century and the introduction of the verb use and addition of meanings for the adjective use were apparent. I attempted to represent the decreased use of the noun form and preference of the adjective by choosing a majority of adjectives for my sample. I also wanted to represent the introduction of the verb form by adding multiple samples of such. Finally, I attempted to represent the introduction of the new adjective definition by choosing a sample selection comprised of several years that contained some uses of the previous adjective meanings and some uses of the new variation. Generally, the verb use referred to meanings of the word that are now obsolete. For instance, during the 17th century, to cheapen (or sometimes seen as cheapened or cheapening) referred to the discussing of a price or coming to an agreeance on cost instead of the modern use as a negative devaluing of an item's importance or the lowering of cost relative to a lower quality. The noun form and some of the adjective forms remained consistent with the variety of meanings referencing abundance and declarations of cost similar to the 16th century uses. However, there was a new connotation added to some of the adjective uses that indicated a more negative representation of the noun being referred to as cheap. This new adjective meaning brought the noun being described into contempt mainly by making a determination of lower value based off of the familiarity and commonality of the said noun. There is one example in particular of a verb use that combined the increased negativity of the adjective use with the verb form. The passage from John Chishull's The danger of being almost a Christian details how the action of cheapening an item (as in the obsolete meaning to bargain or haggle) that ultimately results in the haggler not purchasing brings that said item into a state of aversion for the any future, potential buyers knowing of the haggler's refusal and the seller. The description associated to cheapen from this particular text and the more general inclusion of the negative adjective uses is the first indication towards the development of the more negative connotation of today's use.
Author |
Title |
Date |
Pub. Place |
Passage |
Image/Page Number |
Definition |
Anon. |
A briefe description of the two revolted nations Holland and England. |
1650 |
London, England |
"None amongst them have Authority by Inheritance; that was to percell out their Countrey
into Families; but they are chosen (as our King did use to prick Shreiffes for their
Countries) not for their fulnesse of Wit, but for their Wealth they have to beare
it out with, which they so ever affected, that they will walke the streets (like out
Usurers, when they go to a Baudy-house) all alone melancholly, and if they may be
had cheape, shall daube his faced Cloake with two penny worth of Pickled Herrings,
which himselfe shall carry home in a string."
|
i.4 p.4 |
At a low price, at small expense; with little trouble, easily. (adverb) |
Bromwich, Isaac |
The spoiles of the forest of Deane |
1650 |
London, England |
"Tis a cheap and easie way of requitall, when a man hath stoln a goose to stick down
a feather, and when Master Pury hath been not only assenting to, but active in the
spoile of so brave a Forrest, to give afterward a chill and flegmatick charge, that
no trees should forsooth be cut down, but what the preservators allotted, is an excellent
satisfaction to the state, and if they please to be paid with such Copper-Coyne, I
will undertake they shall have chap-men by the dozens, the true English of that charge
being no more but this, that he left command to (the Yeoman of his guard) the officers
of the Forrest, they should take especiall heed, that onely the well grown and goodly
Oaks and Beeches should be hewn down"
|
i.3 p.3 |
Involving little trouble and hence of little worth; worthless, paltry. (adjective) |
Cheynell, Francis |
The divine trinunity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit |
1650 |
London, England |
"And if Christ hath not redeemed the Church with the blood of God, then the Church
is not redeemed; your Faith and our preaching are both vain, because you and we are
yet in our sins; for then God hath not received satisfaction for our sins, nor a sufficient
ransome for our souls. If the Son of God did not take flesh, then was not God manifested
in the flesh; then the whole mystery of godlinesse which should be without con|troversie
great and precious in the eyes of Christians, will be cheap, and vile, and of no account;
for the whole mystery of godlinesse, 1 Tim. 3. 16. depends upon the manifestation
of God in the flesh; Now the divine person of the Son took flesh; the person of the
Father was not incarnate."
|
i.150 p.262 |
Involving little trouble and hence of little worth; worthless, paltry. (adjective) |
ScudeyCogan, Madeleine deHenry |
Ibrahim |
1652 |
London, England |
"In this thought, he conducted me himself to the Market; but whereas he was known
to be one of the most avaricious men in the world, it was not very easie for him to
get me another Master: For although he assured them which cheapened me, that I was
the most dextrous, the most serviceable, and most diligent Slave that ever he had
had, yet no body would beleeve him; because out of the intention he had to rid himself
speedily of me he set me at too cheap a rate."
|
i.209 p.171-172 |
To bargain for, ask the price of, bid for offer a price for. (verb) |
More, Henry |
The defence of the threefold cabbala. |
1653 |
London, England |
"For Pride affects nothing more then Singularity; and therefore undervaluing the plain
simplicity of ordinary Christianity, such as at first sight is held forth in the Gospel
of Christ, they think it no small privilege to have a Prophet of their own; especially
they getting this advantage thereby, that they can very presently, as they fancy,
censure and discern the truth or falshood of all that venture to speak out of the
Rode of their own Sect; as if every body were bound to conne their lessons according
to their Book. And it is a fine thing to become so accurately wise at so cheap a rate,
and discover who is Spiritual, or who is the Carnal, or meer Moral man. This is indeed
the folly of all Sects, and there is no way better that I know, to be freed from such
inveiglements, then by earnestly endevouring after that which they all pretend to,
and to become truly more holy and sincere then other men; for the throughly purified
man is certainly delivered from all these fol|lies."
|
i.134 p.247 |
Involving little trouble and hence of little worth; worthless, paltry. (adjective) |
Culpeper, Nicholas |
Culpeper's Last Legacies |
1655 |
London, England |
"When People have gotten an inflammation in any wound, the vulgar say they have gotten
the Ague in it, as 'tis familiar when Womens breasts are inflamed, to say they have
the Ague in their breasts, a speedy way, and as cheap as speedy, (that I may not keepe
such a quarter about the name, as the Colledge of Physitians did, about the Rickers)
is to take malt flower and make it into the forme of a Caraplasme or Pultis with Vertjuyce
and apply it, be the place in Arm, Leg, or Breast, or elswhere, either with wound
or without."
|
i.41 p.23 |
Bearing a low price in proportion to its intrinsic value. (adjective) |
Sondes, George |
Sir George Sondes his plaine narrative |
1655 |
London, England |
"'Tis said I am an hard Land-Lord, and raise my Rents. I confesse as Tenants Leases
expired, I took no Fines to renew, as my ancestors used to doe, but let out my Farmes
at improved Rents, both the Tenant and my selfe better liking of it. But I doe not
know that I let Farme to any Tenant, for more then I thought, (and I had some little
skill) it was really and honestly worth, nor for more then, (had I been to have taken
a Farme) I would have given for it my selfe. Nor have I any Tenant (though the times
be now very bad) who shall say, Sir, my Farme is too deare, I cannot live upon it
at the Rent, if he leave it to me but as good as it was when he took it, I will take
it againe. Nay, notwithstanding Corn is so cheap, I give any Tenant I have, liberty
to leave his Farme, and I will take it. I never did, or ever will, force any Tenant
to keep his Farme. Neither in all this time, hath any Tenant come to me to take his
Farme again."
|
i.8 p.13 |
Accounted of small value, made little of, lightly esteemed; esp. brought into contempt
through being made too familiar. (adjective)
|
Gookin, Vincent |
The great case of transplantation in Ireland discussed |
1655 |
London, England |
"The Souldiers lately disbanded (especially the private Souldiers) have neither Stock,
nor Money to buy Stock, nor (for the most part) skill in Husbandry: But by the labours
of the Irish on their Lands, together with their own industry, they may maintain themselves,
improve their Lands, acquire Stock, and by degrees inure themselves sutably to that
course of life: But the transplantation of the Irish leaves these poor mens proportions
of Land totally wast; and unless they can, like Nebuchednezzar, live on Grass, they
must perish, or sell too too cheap their dear-bought recompence."
|
i.10 p.16 |
That may be bought at small cost; bearing a relatively low price; inexpensive. Opposed
to dear. (adjective)
|
Violet, Thomas |
Proposals humbly presented to His Highness Oliver |
1656 |
London, England |
"Whereas your Honors ask us, Which is the best cheap to the Common-wealth, either
the Wheel-work or the hand-Spinners work: to that wee humbly answer; That is best
cheap to any man that wears it, that lasts most and longest upon a garment, and not
that which is brushed and the winde blows away; and that is best cheap that yields
most to the melting-pot, when it comes to bee burned, and that is our Hand-work; for
the Wheel-work, the Silver is almost all blown away."
|
i.114 p.93 |
That is a good bargain, that can be purchased on advantageous terms; low-priced (noun) |
Calamy, Edmund |
The city remembrancer. |
1657 |
London, England |
"You must labour to be Citizens and Freemen of that City which hath foundations, whose
builder and maker is God. For you cannot sin at so cheap a rate in London, as some
may do in other places. When you sin, you sin against greater light, and love, against
greater means, and mercies than others do. And therefore your sins will more provoke
the Almighty, and bring down greater, and more sudden desolations upon you"
|
i.7 |
Accounted of small value, made little of, lightly esteemed; esp. brought into contempt
through being made too familiar. (adjective)
|
Chishull, John |
The danger of being almost a Christian. |
1657 |
London, England |
"If a man passes by your shops, and inquires not for any commodity, you take little
notice of him; but if he see your goods and cheapen them, and leave them, he either
condemns the commodity or the seller, either it is not good, or it is too dear: So
men that look not after Heaven, do but neglect it; but those who come to buy, and
yet will not come up to the terms, these discredit it. When men come so neer it as
the young man did, who was offered it, and yet left it when there was but one thing
lacking, these do bring the greatest dislike upon the things of God, of any men alive;
for these men do in effect say, it is not so much worth; they say that God offers
it at too dear a rate; and what greater reproach can there be cast upon the kingdom
of heaven: then to say it is too dear? The prophane sort of men do but neglect it,
they never ask after it, they cheapen not; but the half Christian he sees and asks,
and cheapens, but will not buy; this is a villifying of it."
|
i.82 p.150 |
To chaffer, haggle about terms with a person, or about a bargain (verb) OR To lower in estimation, cause to be thought little of, bring into contempt, vilify. (verb)
|
Shirley, James |
Cupid and death a private entertainment |
1659 |
London, England |
"If it prove / A Death to Love, / We shall find / Death will be cruell to be kind:
/ For when he shall to Armies fly, / Where men think blood too cheap to buy / Themselves
a name, / He reconciles them, and deprives / The valiant men of more then lives, /
A Victory, and Fame. / Whilst Love deceiv'd by these cold shafts, in steed, / Of curing
wounded hearts, must kill indeed."
|
i.11 p.19 |
Accounted of small value, made little of, lightly esteemed; esp. brought into contempt
through being made too familiar. (adjective)
|
Milton, John |
The readie and easie way to establish a free commonwealth |
1660 |
London, England |
"As to the burden of expence, to our cost we shall soon know it; for any good to us,
deserving to be termd no better then the vast and lavish price of our subjection and
their debausherie; which we are now so greedily cheapning, and would so fain be paying
most inconsideratly to a single person; who for any thing wherin the public really
needs him, will have little els to do, but to bestow the eating and drinking of excessive
dainties, to set a pompous face upon the superficial actings of State, to pageant
himself up and down in progress among the perpetual bowings and cringings of an abject
people, on either side deifying and adoring him for nothing don that can deserve it.
For what can hee more then another man?"
|
i.16 p.30-31 |
To make cheap, lower the price of (verb) |